Showing posts with label Japan. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Japan. Show all posts

Monday, October 26, 2015

Antigone and the Law of Gods

The ancient Greek drama Antigone has just finished its short run at the Kennedy Center after shows in  Luxembourg, London, Ann Arbor, New York and elsewhere. The performance featuring Oscar-winning French actress Juliette Binoche in the title role, staged by Dutch director Ivo van Hove, and newly translated by Canadian poet Anne Carson, is a modern take on the 2500- year-old play by Sophocles. As every great classic, it resonates with any new generation because even though technology moves forward, human nature does not.

Juliette Binoche as Antigone 
Antigone is doomed to die a slow death, still young and virginal, because she dared to disobey civil law. Her king and uncle Creon has decreed that one of her two brothers who have killed each other in a civil war is to be left unburied as food for vultures and dogs, while the other is to be interred with honors due any great patriot.  (For details, please re-read the drama or check Wikipedia.)

Defying the king's order, Antigone performs the last rites for the unfortunate Polyneices (who in my opinion was only fighting for his rights), and when Creon calls her on the carpet, she argues that the king's orders do not have "the power to override those unwritten and immutable laws decreed by the gods." And, therefore, she continues: "How could I be afraid to disobey laws decreed by any man when I know that I’d have to answer to the gods below if I had disobeyed the laws written by the gods, after I died?"

Well, the girl raises an important question, one that is as relevant today as it was around 440 BC, when the drama was written, except that today perhaps we would talk about one God above and none below.  People oppose or support things claiming God wants this or that, and leaders from ancient Greeks to the medieval Crusaders to George W. Bush have claimed to act in the name of God.

Sometime in the early 1990s, I attended a Christmas service at a Serbian church in London. The priest sermonized that the newly-born Jesus stood behind the Serbs in their just fight against the enemy - Bosnian Muslims, Kosovo's Albanians, Croats ?  Years before that, I heard a Croatian priest in Yugoslavia preaching that God supported the Croats' struggle for independence. God's will has been invoked by fanatics such as Japan's Shoko Asakara, Uganda's Credonia Mwerinde and California Marshall Applewhite - just the three of them causing hundreds of deaths.  Today, we are witnessing beheadings, bombings, shootings and various other atrocities committed in the name of God.

King Creon, the mythical leader of the ancient Thebes, acted on his own conscience when he issued his offensive decrees, arguing that he must insist on discipline to run an orderly state.

"There’s no worse evil than anarchy.
Anarchy destroys nations, my son.
Anarchy destroys homes.
Anarchy turns the spears of allies into fleeing cowards.
Those men left standing, the survivors, have been saved by discipline
", he said.

Van Hove's Antigone: Haemon Trying to Reason With Father 
Creon's son Haemon warned him in return that "Gods give man his most important possession, his brain," and therefore, he said, Thebans can see that their king is acting against the laws of a civilized society. That did not sway Creon. Only when the city's elders determined that his decrees must be revoked because they are contradicting divine laws and that "the punishments of the gods have swift feet and do whatever evil they wish," he hastened to undo his brutal deeds. Alas, too late!

Like Creon, a secular leader today can be questioned and warned to mend his ways. But whoever would dare question God? And so those who want to lead people into committing death, destruction and other despicable deeds, resort to claiming "God's will" to seal the potentially disobedient lips.  Threats of death and eternal life in hell can be added for good measure.

We need a Haemon today to remind us that God gave us brain for a purpose. Personally, I am convinced that God does not mind being questioned. For example, I have never believed that He ordered Abraham to kill his son Isaac as a proof that the devout man loves God more than his own son. No wise man would ever ask such a thing of a parent and the Almighty is surely wiser than the wisest of men.

If I happen to meet God after my death (hardly likely because I am too much of a sinner) and if He confirms that the story revered by the Christians, Jews and Muslims alike is true, I will ask: "How could you? I trusted you!"

Wednesday, July 2, 2014

Japan to Expand Military Role In First Policy Shift After WWII

Japan Ends 60-Year-Old Ban On Fighting Abroad 

Japan took a historic step Tuesday by adopting a resolution to shift away from its post-war pacifism, which has kept the military from fighting abroad.  In 1945, following the allied bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan signed a surrender and subsequently adopted a constitution which bars it from using force to resolve conflicts except in cases of self-defense.
Shinzo Abe, Japanese Prime Minister
The cabinet of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe won his bid for a resolution which allows Japan to  fight on foreign soil on certain conditions and participate in UN's peace-keeping missions.   The change constitutes the most dramatic policy shift since Japan set up its post-war armed forces 60 years ago. 


The United States has welcomed the move, while China and South Korea whose people have suffered under Japan's occupation voice concern.  

It is widely speculated that Abe fought for a landmark change to "contain" China's influence in the region.  But some analysts argue that the move has been considered and debated for many years and for more than one reason.

A change has not been adopted earlier mainly because of the fierce opposition within Japan.  More than 10,000 demonstrators gathered in Tokyo Monday to protest the expanded military role, far more than in neighboring South Korea or China.  But many Japanese also feel that the time has come for their nation to shake off its pacifist status. 

Derek Mitchell, a senior analyst at Washington's Center for Strategic and International Studies, made the following observation in 2005:  "They are now talking about changing their constitution to say that their self-defense forces actually constitute a military.  And there is also a sense that perhaps Japan's defense agency should be a full ministry, like any other country.  So it is emerging out of its past, which was rather extraordinary and abnormal, into a more normal nation."

After World War II, occupied Japan had to dismantle its military and adopt a constitution 
that allows the use of arms only in case of an attack on the Japanese territory.   Yuki Tatsumi, a research fellow with the East Asia program at the Henry L. Stimson Center in Washington, said the relatively low cost of its collective defense force enabled Japan to channel its resources to other areas.  "Because Japan didn't have to spend that much on defense, it was able to focus more on its economic development and it did lead to Japan's rapid economic growth which really hit the high note in the 1980s," said  Tatsumi.

By the time its economy slowed in the 1990s, Japan was a major power, both in Asia and globally.  The United States, Japan's World War II adversary, has become its staunch ally. Neighboring countries, once targeted by Japanese colonialists, are Tokyo's major trading partners.  Japan has been contributing to global peace-building efforts.  And it has served as a non-permanent member of the U.N. Security Council.  But since the 1990s, the decline of the Japanese economy, the rise of China and India, global terrorist attacks and North Korea's provocations have shaken Japan from its pacifist complacency. 


Muthia Alagappa, senior associate in the Asia Program of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace said the 1991 Persian Gulf War was a major turning point.  "The Japanese contribution was largely financial.  They contributed some $11-12 billion, which is a large amount of money, but Japan never got recognition for that.  Instead, Japan was blamed for not contributing in terms of blood."

Alagappa said the United States has put pressure on Japan to contribute military aid, including troops, toward international security efforts.  But, he said, the mood has changed in Tokyo as well, especially after 1998 when North Korea conducted ballistic missile tests over Japanese waters and, starting in 2006,  three nuclear tests.  Japan's desire to become a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council is another reason, said Alagappa.

"If you are going to be a permanent member of the Security Council, then you have to partake in the collective enforcement efforts authorized by the Security Council," said Alagappa.  "So there, I think, it's very difficult for Japan not to play a role just like other countries; like China and the U.S. and so forth.  So I think it becomes increasingly important for Japan to be able to play a role as part of Chapter Seven of the U.N. Charter," he said.

Thus, despite a strong pacifist undercurrent among the Japanese public, in 2004 then-Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi responded to the U.S. request by sending several hundred troops to Iraq on a non-combat mission. 

Mitchell said there is no reason today why Japan's armed forces and foreign policy should be constrained by a post-World War II mind set.  "After 60 years, I think, time has passed and Japan is a new Japan.  They've had a different history over the past 60 years," he says. "Asia is different. The U.S. has evolved. And I think what you are going to see is a more normal Japan," said Mitchell. "There is a growing sense of nationalist pride.  Now they can recognize a national anthem and a national flag - only in the past couple of years.  And they feel that perhaps they ought to have a sense of themselves more.  And with that goes the military."


Mitchell noted that Japan's so-called self-defense force has grown over the years, and now has ground, air and naval forces like most other nations. "They have advanced destroyers. They have advanced fighter jets.  They have been developing their missile defenses and submarines.  They have pretty advanced capabilities that they are developing, in helicopter carriers, that are able to project power,"  said Mitchell.  He also said that Japan spends about 40 billion dollars a year on its armed forces, more than most other countries.  So even if they call it differently, the Japanese possess a strong military, capable of flexing its muscle anywhere in the world.

But Japan's neighbors, whose memories of imperial Tokyo's atrocities from before and during World War II are still fresh, worry about a more assertive Japan in the global community.   Japan's "normalization" may be needed for the security and stability of the region, but Tokyo may have to put some effort into reassuring its neighbors that they have no reason to fear it.